Details of A Process Analysis Essay Samples

Details of A Process Analysis Essay Samples a Process Analysis Essay Samples - the Story The most important facet of the procedure should kick start the instruction. In summary, the aforementioned process description presents the measures involved with capturing a dog in a secure and humane way. Crosscheck the circulation of steps to make certain you have not skipped or repeated a practice. Describing the steps alone may be dull. To begin with, you are going to be better able to read and write your exam the next moment. Before learning how to compose a process essay of A level, it is vital to define the expression. At exactly the same time, process analysis essays are helpful to improve the analytical skills of the individual who's writing them. Writing a school essay in literature is something you can be in a position to do in a really quick time provided that you learn a few tricks that may make things less difficult for you. a Process Analysis Essay Samples - Overview If you believe you are pleased with the stream of the essay which you've written, you might publish it with ease. Your selection of process essay topics is important. You might also see formal essay. If you don't understand where to begin or how to generate your essay outstanding, you are able to always become familiarized with process essay examples. While it's a very simple idea, it isn't always so simple to understand how to begin. If at all possible, be certain to incorporate an image of the said object you're planning to use if you would like to publish the said essay online. An excellent means to discover topics are to look over your hobbies, interests, and strengths. Deciding upon a superb topic makes it simpler to write since there's a need to find out the reach of the topic that's neither too narrow nor too wide. The Birth of a Process Analysis Essay Samples A superb dissertation introduction is brief and short in length alongside interesting lines in the start . There's no need to incorporate any background in the procedure breakdown essay. The next thing to do is to define any technical terms that'll be utilised in the paper. When writing a good and easy process analysis essay, it's wise to bear in mind which you are presenting to your readers procedural, step-by-step info about anything. At the exact same time, it will become crucial to provide an account of the background of the subject of the given dissertation to your readers also. Start looking for something interesting and make sure you truly feel passionate about writing it to wind up with a great draft. Occasionally, there are various strategies to perform the procedure, and the writer should think about the audience's knowledge. You cannot merely create a winning assignment if you don't have a passion for what you write. For example, if a specific step has a lot of moving parts, writing a distinct paragraph to discuss it's an intelligent decision. A great deal of the moment, it will help to break down each process into subsections. Try to remember, a process essay includes multiple elements and the secret to success is to connect them all. You need to make sure your reader keeps on reading. Readers value their time and will need to get a brief and crystal clear instruction at the same time. A reader is more inclined to finish directions that they are easily able to skim through. The Nuiances of a Process Analysis Essay Samples There are several process analysis essay sample which is available online on the Students Assignment Help site. Before beginning to write, don't rush and think of process essay suggestions and topics you like. In the event the topic is completely free, that usually means you own a privilege. The process analysis essay topics are quite like that of expository essays topics in which a man is supposed to explain something for those readers in steps. The Unusual Secret of a Process Analysis Essay Samples If you wi sh to succeed in delivering an outstanding paper, you should begin with getting familiarized with its definition. Your readers may be searching for techniques to have a professional website ready to go whenever possible. Process analysis intends to command the people involved with the project on what things to work on, giving them a more clear idea of what things to do. Everyone needs to discover how to modify a Facebook setting at some time in their lives. Life After a Process Analysis Essay Samples A process essay should consist of certain instructions. Every step along the process ought to be described clearly. For those who haven't already mastered the process, it is going to be tricky to learn and compose all at one time. Clearly, every process differs. The Nuiances of a Process Analysis Essay Samples There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking ur gent assistance. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. An easy step-by-step site setup guide is an excellent way to talk about your wisdom and ideas with the world. It is possible to become fast and excellent help with your academic assignments on our site. Don't neglect to provide all the crucial details on the tools, quantity and applications the reader should succeed. By way of example, for a frequent audience your manual on using a tough device ought to be as easy as possible. Potential risks or side effects which are very likely to generate from the procedure ought to be started so the reader remains informed. In case the piece highlights specialized information like the practice of construction, you need to define the many different terms which will be discussed in the directions. The Little-Known Secrets to a Process Analysi s Essay Samples Process analysis isn't simply describing the practice. If it's a comparison, you want to compare. There are a few tools you may use, such as technical analysis, to be in a position to comprehend how to reach that objective. Main paragraphs of your essay should include a list of steps the reader should take to attain the end result. Such essays need an in-depth comprehension of the procedure or a specific mechanism about which it is written to the man writing it. An excellent article of dissertation never contains the repetition of the words repeatedly in precisely the same chapter. A process essay example can be a real salvation if you're puzzled and can't compose a line. a Process Analysis Essay Samples - the Story Getting attentive to the intention of a process analysis is very important to make certain that the course in achieving a particular objective is well understood in order to prevent any mistake in the long-run. You also ought to understand the procedure and highlight its importance. The majority of the moment, the procedure is associated with many techniques of such education and different extra-curricular pursuits. Use critical thinking skills in analyzing the entire process to ensure it's complete.

Cyberbullying Vs. Face Of Bullying Essay - 737 Words

Madysen Douglas English 9, Mrs. Kochis Period 3 Cyberbullying vs. Face-to-Face Bullying Cyberbullying is as bad as and in most cases worse than the traditional face-to-face bullying. Cyberbullying has become a big issue all around the world and is the new form of bullying, traditional bullying is more rare now that people are aware of it.The emotional difference between the two types of bullying has more of a long lasting impact than the physical issues of traditional bullying. Cyberbullying is considered worse than traditional bullying for many reasons. One of them being that the audience in cyberbullying is usually much larger than that of traditional. â€Å"This difference was mainly attributed to some specific aspect that are believed to distinguish cyberbullying from traditional bullying: an increased potential for a large audience, an increased potential for anonymous bullying, lower levels of direct feedback, decreased time and space limits, and lower levels of supervision.† (Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium, publicity, and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying.) The victim is usually in a chat room when the attack happens and the other people in the chat room are all there to see what’s happening. It is also almost impossible to supervise cyberbullying where in school it would be easy too spot someone being bullying but online it’s much more difficult. 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Cyberbullying has broughtRead Morecyber bullying outline and thesis864 Words   |  4 PagesLegal definition Cyberbullying is defined in legal glossaries as †¢ actions that use information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm another or others. †¢ use of communication technologies for the intention of harming another person †¢ use of internet service and mobile technologies such as web pages and discussion groups as well as instant messaging or SMStext messaging with the intention of harmingRead MoreCyber Bully And What Do Cyber Bullies Look For A Target?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesdo cyber bullies look for in a target? Aschah Williams David Johnston Emily Crawford Jaime Skipper Kiera Smith BHCLR â€Æ' What factors are associated with an increased tendency to cyber bully and what do cyber bullies look for in a target? Cyber Bullying is a relatively new method of harassing and intimidating peers. 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Business Process Modeling Analysis

Questions: Introduction Tapzeem Chemicals is a wholesaler who supplies independent pharmacies operating in Australia with pharmaceutical drugs. The company operates through a sales force, with each salesperson being allocated a region to look after. Each region contains a number of pharmacies, some of whom are existing clients. During the weekly visit the salesperson takes orders for the goods that the pharmacy wishes to receive in the next delivery. Fulfil Order Process At the end of each day the salesperson faxes the orders through to the sales administration team, who check the orders for completeness (name, delivery address, etc). Any orders that are incomplete are returned to the salesperson, who is responsible for returning the order to the client. Complete orders are recorded, and the sales administration team then check to see if the client is an existing client. For existing clients the sales administration team, send the order to the warehouse for the dispatch of the goods. For new clients, the order is passed to the credit control clerk who checks the client's credit worthiness. If the credit status of a potential client is unsatisfactory the salesperson is notified and it is their responsibility to notify the potential client that they have been rejected. If the credit status of a potential client is satisfactory the credit control clerk passes the order to the sales ledger clerk who then prepares a client file. Once the client file is prepared the order is passed to the warehouse so that the goods can be dispatched. Once the warehouse receives the order, a member of the warehouse team picks, or selects, the goods for dispatch. Once the goods are picked they are checked against the order by the warehouse supervisor. If the order is incomplete, the complete order is returned to the warehouse team member to re-pick the goods. The order is then rechecked by the warehouse supervisor. When the order is complete the warehouse dispatches the goods to the cli ent. Once the goods have been dispatched the sales ledger clerk prepares and dispatches an invoice to the client. (a) Students are required to develop a process model using the swim lane approach for the Fulfillment Order process described in the above scenario. (b) Describe Four areas in which Tapzeem could improve their Fulfilment Order process and explain the impact of each improvement suggestion. Answers: Introduction: Business processing model is the activity of representing processes for improving the existing process of the business. The popular organization Trapzeem Chemicals deals in supplying various pharmaceutical drugs in Australia. The organization has operated their drug supply business through their sales forces. As stated by Laguna and Marklund (2013), the organization has implemented the business objectives to increase the process speed and quality of the supply system. The organization has implemented the business processing model to reduce the cost. The business modeling process is motivated by the requirement of the organization. As stated by Meyer et al. (2013), new technological innovation and information technology improves the business modeling process. It has been observed that the change management program is involved in the improvement of business decision process of the organization (Dumas et al. 2013). Additionally, it is understood that the Southgate Hospital Accident Eme rgency Department (AE) has implemented a new entry process for the hospital patients. The new strategy has been implemented to remove the harshness of the patients (Rosemann and vom 2015). a) Process model for fulfillment order process: Trapzeem Chemicals has implemented an independent pharmacies operation system in Australia. The organization has assigned a number of pharmacists to provide service to the clients (Seuring 2013). It has been observed that the salesperson had taken orders from the customers and delivered medicines to them. The organization has already implemented and fulfilled the process of delivering the orders through the sales administration team (Van 2013).. The sales administration team has checked the orders. The orders are usually recorded and sold by the sales administration team. It has been observed that the organization has maintained separate processes for the existing clients (Dumas et al. 2013). The sales team is responsible in sending the orders to the warehouse for dispatching the goods. It is understood that the organization has implemented separate systems to process the orders of new clients. The orders of the new clients have been passed by the credit control clerk (Seuring 2013). The credit control clerk has checked the credit worthiness of the clients. The credit control department has the responsibility to notify the potential clients about the rejection of their orders. As stated by La Rosa et al. (2013), the credit control team passes orders only if the credit status of the potential clients is satisfactory. Thereafter, the sales ledger clerk processes the file with respect to that particular client. As stated by Grner et al. 2013), the goods can be dispatched after preparing the order of the client. The team has dispatched the goods after receiving confirmation from credit control department. It has been observed that incomplete orders are returned to the warehouse team members to repack the goods. In such an instance, the order is rechecked by the warehouse supervisors. As stated by Laguna and Marklund (2013), completed orders are usually the ones that are dispatched to the clients. This existing process of the organization is long and a critical one. This process is a lengthy one as it requires a long time to process the orders and finally deliver the same to the customers. Figure 1: Process model along with Swim lane approach (Source: Laguna and Marklund 2013) The Swim Line approach is a cross functional flowchart, to map the process within the product processing unit. According to the Swim lane approach, the product processing system of the organization is divided into 5 different segments namely customers, sales, contracts, legal and fulfillment (Meyer et al. 2013). The customers have ordered medicines, paid money for the medicines and have received the same. The sales team has collected the orders from the customers and has entered the code of their orders (Seuring 2013). After that the sales person contacts with the agents in order to review the orders. The agents then analyze the orders. If the standard terms have been followed by the sales person, then the agents approve the orders (Dumas et al. 2013). After observing the entire order processing process, the processing unit legally approves the order. Finally, the product is picked by the shipment and finally shipped to the customers house. As stated by La Rosa et al. (2013), if agents observe any kind of discrimination such as payment issues, medicine unavailability or wrong order, then they may cancel the order. Thus under such circumstances the order may not be shipped. The agents would then inform the sales personnels about the reason behind cancelling the orders (Rosemann and vom 2015). It has been observed that the order processing procedure of Tapzeem Chemicals is quite similar to the order process model with Swim lane approach. However, the organization has maintained different procedures for existing customers as well as the new customers (Laguna and Marklund 2013). The organization has assigned the credit control staffs to process or reject the orders. b) Four different areas through which Tapzeem could improve their fulfillment order processing: It has been observed that the sales persons fax the orders by day end. After that, the administrative team checks the completeness of the orders such as name and delivery address of the customer (Rosemann and vom 2015). Thereafter, the administration refuses the incomplete orders. Next, the administrative department checks the record details to verify customer credentials to identify whether the customer is new or existent Grner et al. 2013). This system of placing order takes a long time to complete. Therefore, the sales persons have to implement an online order strategy which can aid in transferring the order details to the administrative department. In this way the sales department can convey the order details as soon as information regarding it is received (Dumas et al. 2013). They do not need to wait for day end. Therefore, with this process the administration gets the order details through the day. Thus this process would save much time. Consequently, the entire order processin g process would be a swifter one. . As stated by Rosemann and vom (2015), such swift processes will enable the customers acquire their medicine within a short time. This may in turn increase customer satisfaction. It has been found that the administration team directly processes the medicines for the existing customers. However, in case of new customers, the team sends the orders to the credit control staffs. The credit control department then analyzes the credit status of the new customers (Antunes et al. 2013). The credit control department rejects the orders of new customers if the credit control of the potential clients is unsatisfactory. Thereafter, the credit control department informs the sales department about the rejection of the order (Dumas et al. 2013). Therefore, the credit control department has to be flexible with the new customers. It is understood that they may have maintained ethics and company policies, but they need to provide opportunities to new customers to clear their payments according to their order Grner et al. 2013). Additionally, the credit control department has to implement various payment options such as online transaction, fund transfer, payment through credit card or debit card and pay pal for the customers. Such availability of varied options will help the customers clear the amount within the second instance, thereby increasing customer satisfaction (Rosemann and vom 2015). It is understood that the credit control department is vested with the responsibility of transferring the the accepted orders to the warehouse department. Thereafter, the warehouse then collects the medicines and sends the same to the packaging department (Feldmannn 2013). Next, the packaging department then rechecks the packaged product a gainst the order details. This process takes a long time to finalize the dispatch products. Therefore, the organization needs to implement the barcode technology or QR code technology for matching the product with the order details (Li et al. 2014). The organization has to simply install barcode generators and printers and a barcode scanner for this process. The barcode developer has implemented barcodes against the product specification and customer information (Stavrou et al. 2014). Therefore, the packaging department simply needs to scan the barcode to match order details with that of customers (Dumas et al. 2013). This innovation will decrease the errors and the organization will deliver product within a short time. It has been observed, that entire sales process is usually controlled by the sales force. The customers have ordered their medicine through the sellers (Fleischmann et al. 2012). It has been noticed that the sales persons are not available all time. Therefore the customers have no option to order their medicines from the wholesaler. Keeping this in mind the organization has to implement online services for their customers, where they can order the medicines directly through the company website (Van 2013). The online orders are directly processed by the administration team. The customers can payments through online payment modes (van 2013). This online facility attracts more customers and satisfies them, thereby increasing the brand value and profit of the organization. Conclusion: This assignment is based on business order processing for two different industries such as a medicine wholesaler and a healthcare organization. The order processing system has been analyzed along with the Swim lane approach. It has been found that the organization has improved their order processing strategy with the help of an innovation technology. On the other hand, the healthcare organization has to implement the proposed patient handling process and provide services to the three different types of patients. Reference list: Antunes, P., Simes, D., Carrio, L. and Pino, J.A., 2013. An end-user approach to business process modeling.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,36(6), pp.1466-1479. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. and Reijers, H.A., 2013.Fundamentals of business process management(pp. I-XXVII). Heidelberg: Springer. Feldmann, C., 2013.The Practical Guide to Business Process Reengineering Using IDEFO. Addison-Wesley. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S. and Brger, E., 2012.Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Grner, G., BoKovi, M., Parreiras, F.S. and GaEvi, D., 2013. Modeling and validation of business process families.Information Systems,38(5), pp.709-726. La Rosa, M., Dumas, M., Uba, R. and Dijkman, R., 2013. Business process model merging: An approach to business process consolidation.ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM),22(2), p.11. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013.Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Li, Y., Cao, B., Xu, L., Yin, J., Deng, S., Yin, Y. and Wu, Z., 2014. An efficient recommendation method for improving business process modeling.Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on,10(1), pp.502-513. Meyer, S., Ruppen, A. and Magerkurth, C., 2013, June. Internet of things-aware process modeling: integrating IoT devices as business process resources. InAdvanced Information Systems Engineering(pp. 84-98). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Stavrou, V., Kandias, M., Karoulas, G. and Gritzalis, D., 2014. Business Process Modeling for Insider threat monitoring and handling. InTrust, Privacy, and Security in Digital Business(pp. 119-131). Springer International Publishing. van der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: A comprehensive survey.ISRN Software Engineering,2013.

The Road Not Taken Essay Figurative and Literal Meaning Essays

The Road Not Taken Essay: Figurative and Literal Meaning "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is a poem that seems simple and direct but actually has a two-fold meaning. Frost lures in the readers with a rhythmic poem that could have a figurative or literal meaning depending upon the reader's assessment. Literally, "The Road Not Taken" is about a traveler who is walking in the woods and has come upon two roads. The traveler cannot travel both roads and thus must make a decision which one to walk. He evaluates both roads and chooses the road lesstraveled realizing that he cannot back. The poem ends by the traveler stating that his choosing the road less traveled has made all the difference. Figuratively, "The Road Not Taken" can be applied to a person's life. The traveler is a person who has two choices, which are represented in the poem by the two roads in the woods. The person takes the time to consider both choices and all sides to them by examining the paths. The traveler cannot come back to the other road and as in life if a choice is made, it is impossible to redo. The person must choose between the choices many make or the choice that few make. I love this poem mainly because I can relate to the figurative side of the poem. Many of the choices I have made were the roads less traveled by others. For example, I am a girl majoring in an agricultural field that is considered by most to be a man's field. I also show cattle, which is dominated by men. Many believe that I do not belong in either and that I am not man enough to handle my cattle or the job I have chosen for my future career. I was also criticized in high school for being the smart kid and for not partying with the popular crowd. I do not regret my choices because they have affected my life greatly. I have met countless people involved in agricultural who have touched my life. I am also proud that I studied in high school because of all the opportunities that keeping good grades have brought me. So this poem appeals to me because I have chosen the road less traveled and that has made all the difference.

Supermarkets in UK Essay Example

Supermarkets in UK Essay Example Supermarkets in UK Paper Supermarkets in UK Paper The normal way to buy food has changed dramatically over the last half century, with the small independent shops such as butchers, greengrocers, fishmongers and bakers which dominated the High Street in the 1950s disappearing and being replaced by the ubiquitous supermarket. Today, 60% of British shoppers purchase most of their groceries in one weekly shop. The growth of the sector over the last fifty years has been remarkable. In 1950 the multiple supermarkets represented just 20% of the food retail market. By 1961 this had risen to 27%; by 1971 to 44%. As the trend continued, a generation has grown up relying on the convenience and choice of supermarket food. Of course some independent retailers went out of business, but the consumer is king and consumers felt that the price was worth paying. But the price tag got higher. Between 1997 and 2002 more than 13,000 specialist stores around the UK including newsagents, Post Offices, grocers, bakers, butchers closed, unable to cope with the competition from the multiples. A recent study by the Institute of Grocery Distribution revealed that 2,157 independent shops went out of business or became part of a larger company in 2004, compared with a previous annual average of around 300 a year. Traffic congestion rocketed as more large stores were constructed out of town. Tales abounded of the negative impacts of low supermarket prices on farmers and food processors, whether the UK or abroad. By 2005 a mere 8% of food was purchased from the independent sector. Tesco and other supermarkets claim that their growth is occurring purely in response to the desire of consumers. Market structure The UK supermarket industry is led by the `big four (Times Online, 2009), Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons. Thus it can be defined as an oligopoly. In the 12 weeks to 29th November 2009 these four competitors accounted for 75.6% of UK consumer spending on groceries. The market average increase in sales over this period was 4.4%. Tesco hold an actual monopoly over the industry, with 30.7% market share. The industry is currently worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½146.3bn and is predicted to grow to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½175.9bn by 2014 according to UK Grocery Retail Outlook 2009 Repositioning for Growth Market share The market in which Tesco operates is supermarkets. Although this is a highly competitive one Tesco holds a disproportionate amount of power. The figures below indicate that Tesco holds over a third of the market share, and even double the amount of Asdas market share, the second leading supermarket. Market share is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company (Wikipedia 2006). Bargaining Power of suppliers Supplier power is an important part of the Porters five forces model. Implications for Tesco are many. Supplier power is wielded by suppliers demanding that retailers pay a certain price for their goods. If retailers dont pay the price, they dont get the goods to sell. But large supermarkets, like Tesco, have an overwhelming advantage over the small shopkeeper-they can dictate the price they pay the supplier. If the supplier does not reduce the price, they will be left with a much smaller market for their produce. Bargaining power of buyers Buyer power also acts to force prices down. If beans are too expensive in Tesco, buyers will exercise their power and move to Sainsbury. Fortunately for Tesco, there are few other large supermarket companies. This means the market is disciplined the supermarkets have a disciplined approach to price setting. Discipline stops them destroying each other in a profit war. Threat of new entrants Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and other supermarket chains put up considerable barriers to entry. For instance, Tesco may have cornered the market for certain goods; the new supermarket will not be able to find cheap, reliable suppliers. Tesco also has the advantage of economies of scale. Thus, barriers to entry as well as the possibility of sunk costs will help restrict the level of new entrants. Threat of substitutes Its more difficult for Asda to try to raise prices and make greater profits if there are close substitutes available at Tesco But, in some cases, customers may be reluctant to switch to another product even if it offers an advantage. Customers may consider it inconvenient or even risky to change if they are accustomed to using a certain product in a certain way, or they are used to the way certain services are delivered. Competitive rivalry Classical economics predicts that rivalry between companies should drive profits to zero. This is partly down to the threat of substitutes. For instance, Tesco has competition from companies like Sainsbury that can provide substitutes for their goods. This drives the prices of groceries down in both companies. Monopsony issues There has been growing concern over the monopsony power of the big four supermarket chains: Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury. Technically, none is a monopsonist because none is the sole buyer of a particular category of products. Tesco, for example, is not the sole buyer of soap powders or frozen chicken. However because of their size, the big four supermarket chains enjoy much greater buying power than smaller buyers. The OFT has investigated the grocery market on several occasions over the last decade. Researchers asked suppliers for their opinion on the level of negotiating power they felt they had with different retail customers. Their responses showed that they felt they had less bargaining power with the Big Four than with smaller chains and groceries. Supermarket chains argue that they provide value for money to their customers through the efficiency of their operations. Some evidence suggests that the supermarkets do not always pass on cuts in supplier prices. Controversially, between 201 and 2003 when many UK dairy farmers were either barely profitable or making losses, prices paid to them dropped when supermarket milk prices were still rising: Illustration of monopsonistic power in the UK retailing industry Summary of the Big Fours competitiveness The Big Four (Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons) have gained a combined market share of 75.9% by pursuing a hybrid low price strategy with perceived benefits. In recent years Sainsburys has moved towards a differentiation strategy by focusing on quality and has implemented a higher pricing structure. These competitors have diversified their product offering and sell a variety of non-food goods including, financial services, clothing, electrical goods, and DIY products. All four possess huge buying power and high economies of scale. Each has invested in own label brands, which have risen in demand during the recession. All four have prime store locations in out of town and inner city locations. Tesco have over 2,000 UK stores. Tesco have developed a number of store formats including Tesco Express, Extra and Metro. This allows Tesco not only to compete in the convenience market but also get around the rules imposed by the Competition Commission, restricting the number of stores Tesco is allowed to have in one area. In October 2009 the Competition Commission recommended the introduction of new tests that would make UK expansion more difficult for Tesco .This may prove problematic as Tescos like-for-like sales slowed in 2009 and profit increases are driven by new store openings. Asda Relocation to larger, out-of-town sites in the 1980s gave many supermarkets the additional space required for extending their non-food offering. Asda in particular, focuses on non-food sales, because its 400 stores are generally much bigger than its competitors. Some of Asdas non-food brands have been phenomenally successful the George clothing brand has helped the chains clothing sales to outstrip those of Marks Spencer. Asda is currently the only UK supermarket offering the facility to purchase clothing online, in addition to groceries and other non-food items. Asda does not offer a loyalty scheme and claims to invest in a strategy of everyday low pricing. Asda expanded into the South in 1989 by buying out Gateway superstores. Asda became a subsidiary of Wal-Mart (the worlds largest retailer) in 1999 and hence enjoys huge buying power. Sainsburys 830 UK stores are mainly located in affluent areas. Sainsburys have diversified from their superstore format into convenience stores (Sainsburys Local). Sainsburys is the only competitor within the top four that has the strategy of quality goods for a fair price. The other three are positioned as low price supermarkets. Sainsburys hope to double the customer base of its larger stores within five years by expanding its non-food range (TU clothing range is very successful) and branching out into the North of England and Scotland Morrisons have 420 UK stores and three distinct brand values: Fresh, Value and Service. These values provide the flexibility to react to market changes and consumer trends. Morrisons aim to offer more freshly prepared food than any other retailer and have more staff preparing food than any other supermarket. The retailer grew in strength and expanded into the South of England following the acquisition of Safeway in 2004. Unlike its closest rivals Morrisons decided not to enter the convenience store sector. Vertical integration is key to the retailers success; Morrisons own their factories, production facilities and distribution network. With these facilities Morrisons can get food to stores faster so that its fresher. Morrisons have invested heavily in training and their staff is highly skilled and know their trade. Level of contestability A contestable market occurs when there is freedom of entry and exit into the market. Thus there will be low levels of sunk costs. Thus, when considering the contestability of supermarkets it is important to consider the following points: Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry in the supermarket industry are obviously extremely high, due to the massive market share held by the four main UK supermarkets. Small food retailers can be assisted in their growth by the government, with incentives such as tax relief and grants. Economies of scale are the second important barrier to entry. In addition to the usual one, the UK grocery retail market has a special economy of scale arising from the substantial bargaining power which retailers enjoy over their suppliers, the manufactures of food and grocery product. Updating earlier analysis, it has been observed that the European new contracts, Aldi and Netto have some ability to defeat this barrier. Aldi enjoys a buying-power derived economy of scale advantage in the European countries in which it has a large market share. The third major barrier to entry, the shortage of unexploited store sites, is again one that European discounters may be able to penetrate. A preliminary analysis would suggest that the UK market should be a difficult prospect for a new entrant. Unexploited superstore sites are running out. Mintel 91 has an estimated saturation point for superstores in the UK at about 800, only around 150 more than the present total. Furthermore, a barrier of entry may present itself in the sheer amount of land that a store owns; in the case of Tesco which limits the amount of new entrants into the UK market Sunk Costs If Sunk costs are high this makes it difficult for new firms to enter and leave the market. Therefore it will be less contestable. In the supermarket industry, spending on advertising are an example of costs that cannot be recovered when the firm exits the market. High sunk costs are a constraint on the level of contestability. Level of advertising and brand loyalty If an established firm has significant brand loyalty such as Tesco, then it will be difficult for a new firm to enter the market. This is because they would have to spend a lot of money on advertising, a sunk cost, which as explained above reduces the level of contestability in a market Levels of Profit If a firm is making very high profit, this is an indication that the market is not contestable, because hit and run competition should enable new firms to enter and reduce the profitability. Each of the Big Four have seen their profit margins expand while Tesco and Asda have enjoyed abnormal profits continuously Pricing and non-pricing strategies The following section discusses how each firm operates in the competitive environment of the retail grocery industry. Tesco battles by expanding market demand, increasing market share and defending market share with strategies such as flank, pre-emptive or mobile. In return the main competitors Asda and Sainsburys are attacking the market leader by using offensive strategies such as frontal, flank or bypass, in order to gain market share. Tescos understanding of its customers as well as its strong defensive marketing strategies against competitors assure them the leading position in the market. The vast majority of both marketers and practitioners frame a stores pricing decision as a choice between every day low prices or deep but temporary discounts, labeling the first strategy EDLP and the second PROMO. The kinked demand curve theory shows us that firms would lose out if they changed their prices relative to other major players i.e. if the firm increases its price, it will lose out on market share due to an asymmetric response from other competitors. If he firm reduces its price, other competitors would lower their prices too so that very little extra demand would be generated. Successful implementation of EDLP may involve offering a deeper and narrower product line than PROMO, allowing firms to exploit scale economies (in particular categories), reduce their inventory carrying costs, and lower their advertising expenses. Article by Retail Week as at 21 February 2005: Tesco shows no signs of letting up its position of dominance in the UK grocery sector, according to the latest market share figures from Taylor Nelson Sofres. Other EDLP players, such as Asda and Morrisons, also enjoyed solid growth, but Sainsburys and Safeways share dropped. Tescos market share rose by 0.7 percentage points to 26 per cent year-on-year for the 12 weeks to February 2. Asdas share increased by 0.6 percentage points to 16.7 per cent for the same period, while Morrisons share rose by 0.1 percentage points to 6 per cent. In practice, firms can choose a mixture of EDLP and PROMO, varying either the number of categories they put on sale or changing the frequency of sales across some or all categories of products. Not surprisingly, practitioners have coined a term for these practices, hybrid pricing. What constitutes HYBRID pricing is necessarily subjective, depending on an individuals own beliefs regarding how much price variation constitutes a departure from pure EDLP. Because of the price rigidity, supermarkets have resorted to non pricing strategies as a means of capturing market share. Examples of non pricing strategy may include:   Traditional advertising / marketing   Store Loyalty cards   Banking and other Services (including travel insurance)   In-store chemists and post offices   Home delivery systems   Discounted petrol at hypermarkets   Extension of opening hours (24 hour shopping)   Innovative use of technology for shoppers including self-scanning and internet shopping services Legal issues concerning public interest As with any large corporation, the supermarket chain has been involved in lawsuits, usually from claims of personal injury from customers, claims of unfair dismissal from staff, and other commercial matters. Two notable cases were Ward v Tesco Stores Ltd, which set a precedent in so-called trip and slip injury claims against retailers, and Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass, which reached the House of Lords and became a leading case regarding the corporate liability of businesses for failures of their store managers (in a case of misleading advertising). Criticism of Tesco includes disapproval of the effects supermarket chains can have on farmers, suppliers and smaller competitors; along with claims of generally poor labour relations with its staff concerning sick leave regulations. Accusations concerning using cheap and/or child labour in Bangladesh amongst other places have also arisen from Sainsbury. Asda and Sainsbury are among companies that have agreed to pay near record fines of 116 million after admitting they fixed the price of milk, cheese and butter between 2002 and 2003. The supermarkets claimed they joined forces to help raise the price of milk to farmers who were suffering badly from falling milk prices and the after effects of an outbreak of foot and mouth disease. In contrast, consumers had to pay an extra 3p for milk and 15p extra for a pound of butter. The total cost to consumers form the higher prices was 270 million. Tesco, Sainsburys and Asda, as well as Imperial Tobacco and Gallaher, were among those accused of increasing profits illegally by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). Cigarette brands at the centre of the investigation include Embassy, John Player Special, Lambert Butler, Benson Hedges and Silk Cut. Tesco has been heavily criticized by the media in both the UK and Ireland among other places over its comparatively more ruthless and harsh business tactics compared to its rivals, all of whom stand charged, like Tesco, of bullying farmers to lower their prices to unsustainable levels. Waitrose was the only major supermarket to come out of this accusation relatively unscathed. Tesco has been subject to several claims of apparently out-of-date food being back-labeled to appear to still be in date, poor cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ hygiene and a staff member contracting legionnaires disease in the Wrexham store. Tesco has been involved in the areas of employment law, personal injury, intellectual property disputes, and taxation amongst others.

Definition of Boycott

Definition of Boycott The word boycott entered the English language because of a dispute between a man named Boycott and the Irish Land League in 1880. Where Boycott Got Its Name Captain Charles Boycott was a British Army veteran who worked as a landlords agent, a man whose job was to collect rents from tenant farmers on an estate in northwest Ireland. At the time, landlords, many of whom were British, were exploiting Irish tenant farmers. As part of a protest, the farmers on the estate where Boycott worked demanded a reduction in their rents. Boycott refused their demands and evicted some tenants. The Irish Land League advocated that people in the area not attack Boycott, but rather use a new tactic: refuse to do business with him at all. This new form of protest was effective, as Boycott wasnt able to get workers to harvest crops. By the end of 1880 newspapers in Britain began using the word. A front-page article in the New York Times on December 6, 1880, referred to the affair of Capt. Boycott and used the term boycottism to describe tactics of the Irish Land League. Research in American newspapers indicates that the word crossed the ocean during the 1880s. In the late 1880s boycotts in America were being referred to in the pages of the New York Times. The word was generally used to denote labor actions against businesses. For example, the Pullman Strike of 1894 became a national crisis when a boycott of railroads brought the nations rail system to a halt. Captain Boycott died in 1897, and an article in the New York Times on June 22, 1897, noted how his name had become a common word: Capt. Boycott became famous through the application of his name to the relentless social and business ostracism first practiced by the Irish peasantry against the detested representatives of landlordism in Ireland. Although a descendant of an old Essex County family in England, Capt. Boycott was an Irishman by birth. He made his appearance in County Mayo in 1863 and according to James Redpath, he had not lived there five years before he won the reputation of being the worst land agent in that section of the country. The 1897 newspaper article also provided an account of the tactic that would take his name. It described how Charles Stewart Parnell  proposed  a plan to ostracize land agents during a speech in Ennis, Ireland, in 1880. And it described in detail how the tactic was utilized against Captain Boycott: When the Captain sent for the tenantry on the estates for which he was agent to cut the oats, the whole neighborhood combined in a refusal to work for him. Boycotts herdsmen and drivers were sought out and persuaded to strike, his female servants were induced to leave him, and his wife and children were obliged to do all of the house and farm work themselves. Meanwhile his oats and corn remained standing, and his stock would have been unfed had he not exerted himself night and day to attend to their wants. Next the village butcher and grocer declined to sell provisions to Capt. Boycott or his family, and when he sent to neighboring towns for supplies he found it absolutely impossible to get anything. There was no fuel in the house, and nobody would cut turf or carry coal for the Captains family. He had to tear up floors for firewood. Boycotting Today The tactic of boycotting was adapted to other social movements in the 20th century. One of the most significant protest movements in American history, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, demonstrated the power of the tactic. To protest segregation on city buses, African American residents of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to patronize the buses for more than 300 days from late 1955 to late 1956. The bus boycott inspired the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and changed the course of American history. Over time the word has become quite common, and its connection to Ireland and the land agitation of the late 19th century has been generally forgotten.

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the Essay - 1

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the organization - Essay Example in today’s business environment ushered in by technology and globalization, which is characterized by dispersed work groups that operate away from the home office. The current vogue in such a flexible working arrangement has added to the difficulty of getting business communication right. As it is, there are already enough sociological and psychological factors that prevent business communication from going around the organization in the sense that it was intended. This paper thus discussed all the perceived shortcomings in communication practices that have made businesses falter, and subsequently explored the methods by which business communication can be made more effective for the immediate and long-term benefit of the organization. People in organizations spend over 75 percent of their time in an interpersonal situation (Van Acker, online). Thus, it is no surprise to find that at the root of a large number of organizational problems is poor communications. Effective communication is an essential component of organizational success whether it is at the interpersonal, inter-group, intra-group, organizational or external levels (How-to Books, online). For human communication to be high in quality or effective, it must take into account not only the choice of language but also the movement of vocal cords, the reception of sound and its translation into neural signals, syntactic and phonological processing (Hauser, 1996). Even facial expressions and gestures influence the quality and outcome of communication (How-to Books). As for the communication message, social psychologists give it three components: content, context and treatment. Content is the essence of what one person desires to communicate to another, whil e context is the way the communicator presents the content of his message to his audience. As for treatment, it is how communication is arranged and conducted by the speaker, which supports the content and context of the message. In a business

Contemporary Management Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management Practice - Essay Example Various theories have been created in the past about management and researchers continue to use old theories and come up with new ones. Over this time period, great approaches to management have been identified. This paper will cover various management approaches and how these approaches are used by managers and those who are studying management. Body Empirical or case approach is one of the various management approaches that have been studied and often used in organizations. It is based on the assumption, that current managers can solve their problems through the experience of previous managers and what those managers did to solve issues faced by management (KOONTZ, 2004, p.16). This study states that people new to the management positions in the organizations can learn from the successful and the unsuccessful experiences that other managers have already been through. This approach is used in management educational centres for the help upcoming managers. This kind of management appr oach does not provide any practical aid until it is applied to practical problems. The downside of this approach is that this approach is based on generalization. This means that managers who follow this approach end up applying same problem solving methods to new scenarios although new scenarios may be different from older ones. Human behaviour approach is yet another approach that scientists came up with to explain what managers have to do to operate an organization successfully. The behavioural approach of management suggests that managers can operate in a better fashion if they learn about individual as well as group behaviour and they can use this knowledge to make people to work for the interest of the organization (DAFT, 2011, p.33). The theorists of this approach suggest that satisfied workers work harder and their levels of productivity are high. Behavioural studies only pay emphasis to the human part of the organization and exclude the remaining parts with which managers h ave to deal. Vilfred Pareto and Chest Bernard came up with the social systems approach, according to this approach an organization consists of various individual who work together to achieve organization’s aims and objectives (JACKSON, 2000, p.100). This approach states that managers need work in cooperation with workers by understanding the behaviour of individuals working in an organization to achieve organizational goals. Socio technical systems approach is a management approach that suggests that managers should not only pay emphasis to the social system of the organization, they even have to give importance to the technical system (CHASE, 2006, p.195). The approach further suggests that if an organization has to run successfully, then both the technical system and the social system of the organization should work together. This approach of management does not only focus on the human part of the organization, it even pay emphasis to the technological part of the organizat ion that managers have to deal with to bring in change and keep the organization updated. Every manager’s main duty is to make decisions to help solve organization’s problems. One management approach that only pays emphasis to the decision making side of a manager is known as decision theory approach (FLOMBERG, 2008, p.60). The theory suggests that all managers have to make decisions each day and the main task of all managers is to make rational decisions. They have to ensure that the decision they are making is in the best interest of the organization and the people they are representing. The downside of this approach is that this approach ignores other elements of management and only emphasises on the decision maki

Examine Hamlets Relationship with Gertrude Essay Example for Free

Examine Hamlets Relationship with Gertrude Essay At the beginning of the play, during Hamlets first soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates suicide because he is so furious with his mother for marrying Claudius within a month of his fathers death. This is when Hamlet comments, frailty thy name is woman to express his bitter feelings towards his mother for not only the speed of her remarriage and betrayal of his father, but the dexterity to incestuous sheets. The situation, and Hamlets reaction to it, is a trigger of an increasing negative attitude towards all women, viewing them as weak. It is shown through his relationships with Gertrude and Ophelia. The audience learn through the other characters that Hamlet has shown affections towards Ophelia; whether they are genuine and lasting feelings is uncertain as Leartes advices Ophelia that they are not. Leartes asks Ophelia to hold it a fashion, and a toy in blood;/ A violet in the youth of primary nature. Leartes not only says that Hamlets feeling towards Ophelia is short-lived nonsense of his youth but highlights that for he himself is subject to his birth. Polonius also echoes a negative portrayal of Hamlets relationship with Ophelia as he advises her to be somewhat scaner of your maiden presence. Ophelia sees that Hamlets feelings are genuine as he hath importuned me with love / In honourable fashion and hath given countenance to his speech with almost all the holy vows of heaven. However, she is obedient and follows the wishes of her brother and father to keep as watchman to my heart or to not give words or talk with the Lord. The rejection of Hamlet by Ophelia is a significant influence in him believing that frailty thy name is woman as Ophelia could be seen as weak for following the orders of others who assumed that Hamlets affections could not be trusted when she, herself, believed them to be true. Hamlets reaction to Ophelias rejection is extreme and she is affrighted by his state of knees knocking each other with a look so piteous in purport/ As if he had been loosed out of hell. His bitterness has been exaggerated by the antic disposition that he has adopted since learning that his father was murdered by his uncle from his fathers ghost. This would make him feel even more anger towards his mother for marrying Claudius. He is manipulated by the Ghost who encourages his frustration for her when he says, shameful lust/ The will of my most seeming-virtuous Queen. Hamlet is in a vulnerable position as he is shocked by the revelations and is still grieving his father; it is comforting to ally his own feelings with his fathers in his resent towards Gertrude for marrying Claudius so soon after the Kings death and is quick to believe that he is a murderer. Hamlet follows the Ghosts orders to not seek revenge on Gertrude but to leave her to heaven. Hamlets despise for Gertrude festers within him through the play and with it, his views of women. Hamlet follows the Ghosts wishes not to take action against Gertrude and as a result he makes Ophelia suffer for his hatred of his mother. The extreme behaviour which Ophelia reports to her father leads Polonius to believe that he is mad with the very ecstasy of love. Ophelia was obedient to her fathers wishes and did repel his letters, and denied/ His access to me. In contrast to Hamlets mad behaviour a letter written by him to Ophelia shows his strong feelings of affection towards her as he says, To the celestial and my souls idol, the most/ beautified Ophelia. The language is passionate in a very exaggerated style and shows that Hamlet had powerful emotions for her, and a rejection would cause an exaggerated reaction also. In conversation with Polonius, Hamlets bitter feelings towards women come out through quick and crude puns: Let her walk not I th sun. Conception is a blessing, but not as your daughter may conceive. This echoes Hamlets comment that frailty thy name is woman as the punning suggests women are improper and easily influenced. In Hamlets next meeting with Ophelia he is harsh towards her and denies sending her letters but speaks abruptly to her, making connections between chastity, beauty and immorality. He repudiates Ophelia, the woman he once claimed to love, in the harshest terms and urges her to go to a nunnery as she wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners and comments unfavourably on the flirtatious tricks of women such as lisp and nickname. Hamlet says we will have no more marriage, this is not only because he believes women make monsters of their husbands but the resent of his mothers marriage to Claudius is also implied. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent to find out what is troubling Hamlet he feels betrayed his mother as his mother and Claudius are together plotting together ways spying on Hamlet; his mother is being led by Claudius. He goes on to say that he has lost all interest in life, Man/ delights not me; no, nor woman either. He talk of men and women separately suggesting that they are different creatures. During the play Hamlet is cold towards both Gertrude and Ophelia, when his mother asks him to sit by her he refuses as metal more attractive. He comments, how cheerfully my mother looks, and my father died within these two hours, and speaks of country matters crudely to Ophelia. Hamlet is thinking about the way his mother has acted and as he cannot confront her he offends Ophelia. Even though it is not suggested that Gertrude connived at her husbands murder, but by marrying Claudius she is guilty by association, None wed the second but who killed the first. It reminds the audience the way in which the circumstance has changed him to believe frailty thy name is women. Once the play has been stopped, Gertrude asks to speak to Hamlet which is when he confronts her about his feelings as before he had to hold my tongue. He tells her that it was Claudius blasting his wholesome brother. He asks why she would desert his father for his uncle and aggressively shames her in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed/ Stewed in corruption, honeying, making love/ Over the nasty sty. The audience recognise the crude language that he used when speaking to Ophelia as he condemns the frail women. Gertrude is convinced mainly by Hamlets insistence and power of feeling, which illustrates her frailty and tendency to be dominated by powerful men and her need for men to show her what to think and how to feel. Ophelia is driven mad by her fathers death and it contrasts strongly with Hamlets, differing primarily in its legitimacy: Ophelia does not feign madness to achieve an end, but is truly driven mad by the death of her father. After Poloniuss sudden death and Hamlets subsequent exile, she finds herself abruptly without any of them. She is obsessed with death, beauty, and an ambiguous sexual desire, expressed in startlingly frank imagery: Young men will dot, if they come tot, By Cock, they are to blame. Quoth she Before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. Shakespeare has demonstrated her chaste dependence on the men in her life; similar to Gertrudes character. Ophelia is in such a frail state when in the same situation as Hamlet their fathers both murdered she commits suicide, which Hamlet also contemplated in his first soliloquy. Ophelia is associated with flower imagery from the beginning of the play. In her first scene, Polonius presents her with a violet; after she goes mad, she sings songs about flowers; and then she drowns amid long streams of them. The fragile beauty of the flowers resembles Ophelias own fragile beauty, as well as her nascent sexuality and her exquisite, doomed innocence. Despite Hamlets harsh treatment of Ophelia, Hamlet is grief-stricken and outraged when declaring in agonised fury his own love for Ophelia. He fights with Laertes, saying that forty thousand brothers / Could not, with all their quantity of love, / make up my sum. This shows that his despise of women could not overcome his love for Ophelia in the same way that Hamlet had trusted his mother to believe he is not mad but not tell Claudius that is an act, even though he had felt betrayed by her throughout the play. Therefore, Hamlet was shattered by his mothers decision to marry Claudius so soon after her husbands death, Hamlet becomes cynical about women in general, showing a particular obsession with what he perceives to be a connection between female sexuality and moral corruption. This motif of misogyny, or hatred of women, occurs sporadically throughout the play, but it is an important inhibiting factor in Hamlets relationships with Ophelia and Gertrude. He urges Ophelia to go to a nunnery rather than experience the corruptions of sexuality and exclaims of Gertrude, Frailty, thy name is woman. Gertrude seems to have a powerful instinct for self-preservation and advancement that leads her to rely too deeply on men much like Ophelia who is also submissive and utterly dependent on men. As these are the only two significant women in Hamlets life it is easy for him to conclude that frailty thy name is women.

Essay on the Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice

A Departure from the Romantic Novel in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Pride and Prejudice, Austen describes the union of 4 couples -- namely, Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, Lydia and Wickham, and Charlotte and Collins. For the Elizabeth-Darcy relationship, it is clearly an inversion of romantic expectations, and Austen makes it clear that this steadfast, rational relationship is desirable, yet the Charlotte-Collins relationship, [very rational] while also being unconventional, suffers some criticism. Jane and Bingley, though playing very much to expectations of a romantic-story, are dealt with gently and not unkindly by Austen. The same sort of tempestuous emotional impulsiveness of Lydia and Wickham, so typical of romantic novels at that time, is clearly criticized.    Many critics in the nineteenth century approved of Austen's work, as she was vastly different from other novelists, injecting little of the "screams along the corridor" variety of novels that is suitable only for "maids and chamberwomen". This is characterised largely by the story of Elizabeth and Darcy, which is an inversion of romantic book expectations. Unlike the instantaneous, fiery passion that Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights had for Catherine, [not true, but I see what you mean] for this couple, it was more akin to extreme dislike-at-first-sight. Haughty, reserved Darcy, revealing none of the gushing, wondrous, she-is-the-most-beautiful-creature-in-the-world type of sentiment, caustically notes that she is "tolerable ... but not handsome enough to tempt me." Elizabeth, rightly incensed, takes a "decided dislike" for him throughout much of the first 2 volumes of the novel. This inauspicious beginning, in no way signifies to readers the fir... ...ald Gray.   New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992). Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.      

He Steps in the Planning Process Essay

Breaking them down and justifying the reason of choosing them as way to anticipate the outcomes of these goals. It will be a must to make these objectives clear, specific and enough information, such as dividing them in sectors or even in departments in order to guarantee realistic objectives and showing the opportunities as well as problems that the company will experience on the course of the activities. Thirdly will be a the stage of Drawing up Premises. This will involve the establishment of planning assumptions, for instance, to show the future environment in which the plans are expected to occur (Cronje, 2004). The setup of premises is vital to the success of planning and before plans are prepared, the assumptions and conditions need to be defined in order to make possible prediction of the events or activies to happen in the future. Therefor contingency plans may be prepared for alternate possible situations. The fourth stage on this process will be Development of Various Course of Action as a way to establish alternative ways in which the identified goal can be achieved. It is on this step that as a manager will need to outline the tasks required to meet the objective, as each goal should have a task or projects associated with its achievement. Step five will be Evaluating Alternatives, it is important to bear in mind that the alternatives defined in the previous step need to be evaluated in terms of various factors, including the planning premises developed in step 3. Prioritizing goals and tasks is about ordering objectives in terms of their importance, so the tasks deemed most important will theoretically be approached and completed first. Because the prioritizing process may also reflect steps necessary in completing a task or achieving a goal. On the step six, Selecting a Course of Action is the result of step five. A management plan should include a contingency plan if certain aspects of the master plan prove to be unattainable. The selection of course of action can be incorporated into each segment of the planning process or for the plan in its entirety. The seventh step is Formulating Derivative Plans, it involves the drawing up of plans which support the initial plan says Cronje, 2004. Once the goal are defined and planning premises are identified, management can formulate plans and strategies for the accomplishment of desired results. Although the responsibility of planning belongs to the managers, the subordinates ought to be consulted, as the are the one who will curry out the development of the activities. The available alternatives should be evaluated in the light of objectives and planning premises. If the evaluation shows that more than one alternative is equally good, the various alternatives may be combined in action. The last step on this process will be the Budgeting, it serves to establish the resources available for the manger to carry out the plans and achieve organizational goals Cronje, 2004. In order to any business plan be possible we must have financial and human resources projections that will make the goals achievable. Depending on what to achieve a management plan may identify the number of people required how much money will be needed for instance. Reference: Du Toit, Erasmus and

Apush Chapter

Slaves gets accuse of stealing for possessing items that they earn Slaves gets whip as a punishment 7) Summary: In this passage written by Frederick Douglas who was an escaped slave that became known as the greatest Black abolitionist of the time for sharing his terrible experience as a slave in order to stop slavery, it discusses the cruel treatments that the slaves are expose to.For instance, if the slaves perform at a poor rate or produces insufficient work, their master would hit them with a whip as a symbol of punishment. Sometimes, the master doesn't even need a reason to torment the slaves other than for his/ ere own satisfaction. In addition, Douglas who was a slave for the majority of his life, claims that the laws created by the Southern states were unfair since it was design to give the master full control over the slaves which took away their freedom.Moreover, Douglas supported his idea by repeating the same phrase and adding the different things that were restricted agai nst the slaves such as earning a proper education, receiving good food/clothes, and working hard to make money. Furthermore, Douglas asserts that the physical cruelties that are brought upon the slaves are sufficiently harassing and revolting since t inflicts on the mental, moral and religious nature of the helpless victims.All of these reasons explain why Douglas decided to risk his life in order to escape from his master to become a free and independent African American. 2) The â€Å"Blessings† of the Slave (1849) 3) Author: Solon Robinson 4) Author's Position: Supports the African American community. Against masters who abuses their slaves. 5) Bias: Robinson was born in Connecticut but he soon moved to Indiana which to become a trader and agriculturist which changed his views on slaves to look at them more positively. 6) Arguments:It is hard to find anyone around the world who likes being poor and control by the upper classes Freeing the slaves can be consider as a punishm ent for the slaves since God has deprived them of it The slaves has worked hard to meet their master expectations Over-driving slaves is the poorest way to get work out of them Slaves can't be force to do more than a certain amount of work The masters are only treating their slaves kindly because of self-interest The deep South is known for its cruelty towards the slaves The large plantations owners make the slaves perform tasks more regularly or bigger audiences 7) Summary: In this excerpt written by Solon Robinson who was a Puritan born and raised in Connecticut that switch from being a Yankee peddler to being a trader and agriculturist, discusses the benefits that some slaves has over the others as well as the poor conditions that they live in.First off, Solon admits that nobody in this society would ever Want to trade in their luxurious, relaxing and comfortable life in for a poor one fill with sufferings and tragedy. However, slaves also gets to enjoy some these factors such as the fine uniforms and full course meals that is given to them after a Eng and hard day at work. In addition, Solon supports his claims by explaining that he has witness very few plantations that abuse their slaves since it is looked down upon. Moreover, Solon describes how as the consumer market expands, the owners must force their slaves to work at a faster rate to reach the amount of products that gets demanded and the only effective way for them to do this is by using physical force.However, the owners obviously knows that the slaves too have limits which means that they can't perform more than a certain amount of tasks given to them. Furthermore, Solon confess from experience that as times goes by, the masters are becoming more temperate and better men so they treat the slaves better, but mainly because of self-interest. Solon the ends on a determine note on how the inhumane people who abuses their slaves will eventually gets punish for their wrong actions. 2) Comparing Slave L abor and Wage Labor (1850) 3) Author: Cartoonist from Boston 4) Author's Position: Supports Slavery 5) Bias: The British thinks that slavery in England was good.They wanted to prove that slavery conditions was different in various places 6) Arguments: Slaves in Southern America are very happy Slaves in England are peaceful The slaves are calm and collective 7) Summary: The picture illustrated in this cartoon that was published in Boston signifies the different slaves conditions in Southern America as compared to England. The author supports slavery so he/she drew the slaves looking very happy and even celebrating with music in the â€Å"Slavery as it exists in America† picture. Then in the â€Å"Slavery as it exists in England† image, it shows the slave and his owner talking to each other casually and other people being shock about it.

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essays

The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essays The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay The glass Menagerie By T Williams Essay Essay Topic: Literature The Glass Menagerie The glass menagerie is a play written by Tennessee Williams in the mid 1940s and is what many consider to be his best ever work. Like many of his plays, The Glass Menagerie is set in the south of Northern America and consists of five characters. The play is said to mirror Tennessees life very closely as he was brought up with an overbearing mother, a disabled sister and devoid of a father figure in his life. The play shows the Tom characters struggle for independence and freedom from his current existence. The entire play is centred on two of the five characters, even though one of these characters, the gentleman caller, only arrives in the final scenes, and the father, who is illusive throughout the entire play but is mentioned and referred to throughout. For the performance piece, I played the character of Amanda, Toms imperious mother. The scene that we performed was directly after a scene where Tom and Amanda had had a furious argument with Amanda and Tom both saying how they truly felt about how the other one treats and acts towards them. Our scene starts with lots of stage directions that truly build up the tension between Tom and Amanda that grows and grows with the silence and the physical distance between them, and is only broken by Tom breaking this strain of characters by saying the first sorry. There is very strong sub- text to the scene that is shown more in the stage directions then in the text. The sub- text being that Amanda was truly hurt by the things that Tom had said to her and is genuinely terrified that she will once again be left another loved one, but this does not mean that she is scarred because she will miss her son solely as a mother, but because the more manipulative, self centred side of her will miss him as the provider and the bread-winner. This sub- text is apparent when she turns the conversation from Toms love of the movies to how he should completely forget about his own aspirations and dreams and concentrate more on his job, most young men find adventure in their careers. which is paying for the house which he coincidently he shares with his mother and sister. The main plot in the scene is not set and changes from Tom apologising to his mother, to her trying to talk to him about Laura, to them both ultimately arguing about what they where arguing about in the previous scene. I played the character of Amanda to demonstrate the plot and the sub-text by using the dialogue and the stage directions that are given and exaggerated them slightly as the play is that of memory and is not a realistic play. I used facial expressions to display the way I felt about the way the conversation was going and to show the way that my character was feeling, such as the look of embarrassment when she asks Tom, promise me son that you will never be a drunkard. I think that while asking Tom this Amanda has an uncomfortable look because that is how she feels, she thinks that Tom may dismiss her worries as a load of over the top dramatisation that his is so used to seeing from his mother, or because she is revealing one of her biggest fears to her son, that stems from her husband leaving her, and will also expose an extremely venerable side of her that her son has probably never seen to her before. The start of the scene is one of the most important parts, as it is the part that has the most stage directions in it. The stage directions that were given told me that I should play Amanda as a hard character, I showed this by turning away from Tom as soon as he entered the room, and saying like this throughout, until he apologised. When he did apologise I remained facing away from him because even though Amanda was crying, Tom had given her the higher status by making amends first, and I feel that Amanda is a character that would want to hold on to the higher status for as long as she could, and by turning away from Tom she is keeping him in suspense as to how she is going to react to his request for forgiveness. The staging of the scene is very simple as the entire play is a memory and is therefore very selective. The set for this scene is a small dining table and two chairs. All of the props are mimed as directed at the very beginning of the play. The audience were end on as we felt that they could then see all of the facial expressions and gestures better in this type of staging. The only entrance made is from Tom as we thought that is would be better if Amanda was already in the scene, that way the audience would be able to see the contrast between how she behaves and her body language is before Tom is in the scene, and how she is and how they are towards each other after he has entered. There is a moment at the very beginning of the play where there is no dialogue but lots of stage directions. This creates a very tense atmosphere as neither of our characters was doing a lot of movement, but because they have just had a dispute and you can see that Tom is going to make an attempt to talk or apologise to Amanda it builds and builds the tension so much that with every failed attempt Tom makes, the atmosphere is at breaking point, until Tom actually speaks and it is somewhat of an anti-climax as all of a sudden all of the dramatic tension is lost and Amanda cries. This section as an opening to the scene also shows pace as well, as the pace in the beginning is very slow and almost not moving at all, as where in the middle of the scene where Tom and Amanda have started arguing again the pace is very quick with lines overlapping. This also created a tense atmosphere between our two characters but in a different way to the start of the scene. The moment in the middle of the play where Amanda changes from the nicer Amanda back to the familiar aggressive Amanda, I made a long pause to show that a change had occurred, and also to allow time for the audience to take in what had happened in the scene and what would happen. I tried to make the change in her personality clear also by using lots of facial expressions.

How Express Opinions in French

How Express Opinions in French If you want to have a debate in French or discuss your opinions, you need to know the relevant vocabulary and expressions. This page offers suggestions for offering, supporting, asking for, and avoiding opinions in French.Of course, the subject pronoun je, object pronoun me, stressed pronoun moi, and possessive adjective mon in these expressions can all be replaced to express other opinions than your own. Offering an Opinion   Ã‚  Ã‚   mon avisIn my opinionCest du moins mon opinion.At least, thats my opinion.Daprà ¨s moiIn my viewEn ce qui me concerneAs far as Im concernedIl est / Cest certain queIts certainIl est / Cest clair queIts clearIl est / Cest à ©vident queIts obviousIl est / Cest impossible queIts impossibleIl est / Cest injuste queIts unfairIl est / Cest juste queIts fairIl est / Cest possible queIts possibleIl est / Cest probable queIts probableIl est / Cest sà »r queIts surelyIl est / Cest vrai queIts trueIl me semble queIt seems to meJai lidà ©e queI have the impressionJai limpression queI have a feelingJe considà ¨re queI feelJe crains quil ne soitI fear that it isJe crois queI believeJe dois dire queI must sayJestime queI consider itJimagine queI imagineJe pense queI think (that)Je suppose queI supposeJe ne pense pas.I dont think so.Je ne peux pas mempà ªcher de penser queI cant help thinkingJe suis certain queIm certain thatJe suis convaincu queIm convinced thatJe suis davis queI m of the opinionJe suis persuadà © queIm convinced thatJe suis sà »r queIm sureJe trouve queI find, I feelMoi, je... As for me, I...PersonnellementPersonallyPour ma partFor my partPour moiIn my viewQuant moiAs for meSans vouloir vous contredireWithout meaning to contradict youSelon moiIn my viewSi vous voulez mon opinion/avisIf you want my opinionTelle est mon opinion sur...Thats my view of/on... Supporting an Opinion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai entendu dire que dependent clauseI heard thatJai entendu parler de nounI heard aboutJe sais / Nous savons queI / We know thatOn dit queOne says, They sayPar exempleFor example Asking for an Opinion   Ã‚   votre avisIn your opinionAvez-vous une opinion surDo you have an opinion aboutComment percevez-vousHow do you viewJaimerais connaà ®tre / avoir votre avis / opinion surId like (to know) your opinion onJaimerais connaà ®tre / avoir votre rà ©action face Id like (to know) your reaction toJaimerais / Je voudrais savoir ce que vous pensez deId like to know what you think aboutJe voudrais connaà ®tre / avoir votre avis / opinion surId like (to know) your opinion on/aboutJe voudrais  connaà ®tre / avoir votre rà ©action face Id like (to know) your reaction toPourriez-vous me donner / faire  savoir votre avis/opinion surCould you give me your opinion aboutPourriez-vous me donner / faire  savoir votre rà ©action face Could you give me your reaction toPourriez-vous me dire ce que vous pensez deCould you tell me what you think aboutQuelle est votre attitude là ©gard deWhat is your attitude toward/toQuelle est votre opinion/avis surWhat is your opinion aboutQue pensez-vo us deWhat do you think aboutSelon vousIn your opinion Avoiding Expressing an Opinion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cela dà ©pend deThat depends onCest une question de point de vue.It all depends on your point of view.Il est / Cest difficile deIts hard toIl mest impossible de donner un avis (dà ©finitif) surI cant express a (definite) opinion onJe nai jamais vraiment rà ©flà ©chi I have never really thought aboutJe nai pas dopinion bien prà ©cise / arrà ªtà ©e surI dont have strong feelings aboutJe ne me le suis jamais demandà ©.Ive never wondered about it.Je ne me suis jamais vraiment posà © la question.Ive never asked myself that question.Je ne suis pas mà ªme de dire siIm not in a position to say whetherJe prà ©fà ©rerais ne pas (avoir ) me prononcer surId rather not commentJe prà ©fà ©rerais ne pas mengagerId rather not commit myselfJignore tout deI know nothing aboutTout dà ©pend deIt all depends on

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Essay

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Presidential Election - Essay Example In fact, the third party was likely to get on a ticket to winning, since numerous citizens were seeking a change in ways that the government is run; thus the third party was becoming more attractive to the current "two party" system (Abramowitz, 594). Moreover, the current stagnant political atmosphere was objecting progress due to two leading parties, which spend time bickering and seeking ways to oppose each other within their own party as evidenced in the primary campaigns. Therefore, the "two party" system has differences with substantial consequences on Precedential elections. Moreover, the control maintained by the Republicans and Democrats has established an environment, where voters have little choices to select. Nevertheless, the paper will discuss the influence of third party candidate on the outcome of 2008 presidential elections. There has been frustrations expressed Americans in relations to the US political systems, which is protecting two main parties and eliminating t he chance at the third way. Therefore, if 2008 presidential race were severely disrupted by the third party candidate, then Barrack Obama would not have won the presidential elections (Scotto, Clarke, Kornberg, Reifler, Sanders, Stewart and Whiteley, 545). On the other hand, there were campaigns of Cecilia Garza, which was an independent from Texas; Bob Barr, who was a Libertarian impeaching former president Bill Clinton, Ruth Bryant, who is a Christian minister from Nevada, Steven Hoefflin, who was a celebrity plastic surgeon humanitarian and inventor, and Ralph Nader were third party candidates in the 2008 presidential elections. However, in 2008, there were a lot of media coverage of Democrats and Republicans, thus making it difficult to remember alternative candidate from third party exists. Therefore, the third parties gave the voters a chance to think beyond the boundaries imposed by the media and the "two-party" system. Therefore, the third party had an influence of the race, since it made the content high competitive in a way that the candidate with the ability to change 800,000 voters was not able to determine the outcome of the election. Nevertheless, there were challenges related to running as a presidential candidate as a third party candidate, since there is no support by the political system or the mainstream media. A candidate like Dr. Hoefflin with brilliant ideas for altering politics and rectifying embedded problems in the U.S was not given a chance by media (Clem, Dodson and Nikole, 518). The media refused to pay attention at Dr. Hoefflin’s ideas concerning the changes on U.S politics, thus the frustrated voices of Americans who were supporting the third party made the media pay attention to their issues through the internet. However, the American economy was deteriorating; the dollar was losing value against other main currencies, while China’s shadow is weakening the leadership in U.S, in the world. Approvals made by Presiden t Bush are considered the worst in the history, since two thirds of the American populations believed that the Iraq war was a mistake. Therefore, the third party candidates were focused on changing the course, but the Americans and media could not pay attention to their ideas. The political situation has always been dominated by the Republicans and Democrats; thus, they have left diminutive room for change, but the third party offered norms, whereby each party was able to choose against opposition. It also facilitated disillusions that focused on independent learning for Americans who were fed up with the "two party" systems. In this way, the Republicans and Democrats seemed not to be taking their stand in their issues; instead, they made declarations in

Accounting Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting Scandal - Essay Example Due to Enron’s scandal, the core principles of auditing have dynamically changed. This paper will seek to portray the keen principles of Enron’s root cause of its downfall and the potential impact it made that has crippled other companies. Choose an accounting scandal (from the link below) and summarize it.   http://www.forbes.com/2002/07/25/accountingtracker.html   Please include the following in the summary:   1) A brief description/background of the company.   One of the biggest frauds that has ever taken place in the modern 21st century commerce was the case with Enron. Enron’s scandal without a doubt has been the focal point for one of the biggest busts in the history of American entity. The Enron Scandal and the Neglect of Management Integrity Capacity Enron was a very prosperous and prominent firm that was an American energy company established in Houston, Texas. Enron was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after he had acquired two other gas companies in his quest to become a conglomerate in the American history. Nonetheless, after Enron’s biggest scandal, shareholders lost around $11 billion as the company continued on the downward spiral. Enron finally filed for bankruptcy at its $63.4 billion in assets were completely diluted. Many of the stockholders got measly pennies back for the huge investments they had in the company. 2) When the scandal was (or is believed to be) formed.   ... The continuous spiral of modifying the financial statements became a continuous habit and the lead cause of the downfall for the company. Undoubtedly, managers in corporate America have to protect the interests of the corporate executives along with the goals of the stakeholders. The management clearly neglected responsibility of overseeing the unethical practices that were plaguing the corporation. The Enron scandal continued to grow worse every year as it became a problem that was out of control. The primary motivation for Enron was to keep their gross income high along with cash flow while diminishing their liabilities and long-term debts. 3) An in-depth analysis of the accounting scandal.   As mentioned before, Enron ran a Ponzi scheme that continued to over-inflate the revenues that they were actually earning. Enron and other energy suppliers earned sales by providing services such as electricity, natural gas and providing other risk management products. Traditionally, compani es similar to Enron such as Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch used simple pure â€Å"brick and mortar† model for reporting income. However, Enron took upon a new model known as â€Å"the merchant model.† This model was however not adapted by Enron as they utilized the merchant model, which was aggressive, risky and was based on a subjective representation of revenues that were estimated. Although the system did thrive as Enron continued to promise huge compensations for its executives, it also lead to the downfall for the company. For instance, the company’s revenue from 1996 to 2000, Enron’s revenues were grossly inflated to be increased by 700%. This extensive inflation was highly unjustified as the market for

Combining risk assessment and value engineering (this is project risk Essay

Combining risk assessment and value engineering (this is project risk management class) - Essay Example ng is an important technique that helps in the identification and elimination of unnecessary costs in construction, product design, manufacturing, operations, practices and processes. For over sixty years of existence and use, value engineering is referred to by different names. While some people refer to it as value engineering, others call it value analysis, value methodology or value management. However, the reference to value engineering in different terminologies does not change its concept. The concept of value engineering as a systematic process can be used to improve a projects value through a critical analysis of its functions by a multidisciplinary team. Value refers to the equivalent in goods, money, services or a fair return for something exchanged. It is most often represented in the relationship indicated below: The function is measured by the customer performance requirements while the resources are measured in labour, materials, time, price and many other elements that are essential for the accomplishment of the function. In a value methodology, the focus is primarily on how to improve value through the identification of alternative ways of reliably accomplishing a function that meets the customers performance expectations. A job plan in the systematic process of value engineering outlines the specific steps used to evaluate an issue and attain the maximum feasible alternatives that address the issue in consideration. The issue being considered could be a particular event risk(s) that potentially can be dealt with through value engineering in the context of risk assessment (Cretu, Stewart and Berends, 2011). The analysis of functions, as done by a multidisciplinary team through the application of value engineering, helps to improve the value of a project. The multidisciplinary team is a value engineering team that comprises the project stakeholders and experienced professionals. The team members are chosen based on their experience and expertise

Degrading Marine Bacteria: Isolation and Characterization

Degrading Marine Bacteria: Isolation and Characterization Isolation and Characterization of (PAH) Biodegrading Marine Bacteria Sulaiman Ali Alharbi1*, M.E.Zayed1, Arunachalam Chinnathambi1, Naiyf S. Alharbi1 and Milton Wainwright1,2 ABSTRACT Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are considered to be important and dangerous pollutants which cause serious health problems and/or genetic defects in humans, as well as harming the flora and fauna of affected habitats. In this study, we interested in determining if bacteria can be successfully used to bioremediate PAH pollution as an alternative to physical and chemical methods. The bacteria used in this study were isolated from three PAH polluted sites of Mediterranean Sea, off Alexandria, Egypt. The study is devoted to the isolation of bacteria that can degrade three low molecular weight PAHs and to determine the effect of pH on this process. Nine phenanthrene-degrading, seven-naphthalene-degrading and eight anthracene-degrading bacteria were isolated, by enrichment, from the marine water sample. All of the isolates grew on the PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene) at varying rates and utilized them as sole source of carbon and energy. Key words:   Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), Biodegrading marine bacteria, Environmental contamination, Marine water, Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems which generated continuously by the inadvertently incomplete combustion of organic matter, for instance in forest fires, home heating, traffic, and waste incineration1. PAHs constitute a large and diverse class of organic compounds and are generally described as molecules which consist of three or more fused aromatic rings in various structural configurations2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are composed of fused, aromatic rings whose biochemical persistence arises from dense clouds of Ï€-electrons on both sides of the ring structures, thereby making them resistant to nucleophilic attack3. Environments contaminated with PAHs are deemed hazardous because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects4,5 and low molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene (the simplest, containing two benzene rings), anthracene and phenanthrene (both of which contain three benzene rings) are also known to possess potentially hazardous health effects6. A variety of techniques have been applied to the treatment of environments contaminated by PAH containing petroleum hydrocarbons, notably physical treatments using thermal or chemical processes7. However, these treatments are generally time consuming and expensive8,9. Microbial bioremediation however, provides a potentially cheap and effective means of bio-remediating PAH-contaminated environments10. The ability of microorganisms to degrade PAHs is well documented11, 12 and microbial degradation is a major environmental process affecting the fate of PAHs in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems13. Bioremediation using microbes converts toxic or persistent organic molecules into harmless end products, such as carbon dioxide and water 14. Unfortunately PAHs possess physical properties, such as low aqueous solubility and high solid water distribution ratios, which militate against their rapid microbial utilization resulting in their accumulation in the terrestrial and aquatic environments1. It is imperative therefore that the factors which influence the bioavailability and decomposition of PAHs in the environment be studied and optimized7. The aim of the work described here was to screening environmental samples for bacteria that are capable of degrading PAHs and use them a sole carbon and energy source. Materials and Methods Isolation of bacteria: Bacteria were isolated from three PAH-polluted sites of the Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria, Egypt, where PAH pollutants have been continually released. All isolates were preserved in 750 ÃŽ ¼l LB culture supplemented with 250 ÃŽ ¼l of 60% glycerol and maintained at -80oC. Media used: Bushnell-Haas (BH) medium, Luria-Bertani, Nutrient broth and Blood agar were used for the isolation of bacteria. All media were prepared using distilled water and sterilized by autoclaving at 120oC for 20 min. Medium- pH was adjusted as required before sterilization using   1N NaOH or 1N HCl. Hydrocarbon stock solutions: Stock solutions of each PAH (100 mg/ml) were prepared in ethyl acetate and sterilized by filtration. Isolation of phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene degrading bacteria: Water samples were collected from three PAH-polluted sites in the Mediterranean Sea, off Alexandria, Egypt, where PAH pollutants have been continually released into these aquatic environments without any control. Water samples (50ml) were collected from the contaminated sites under aseptic conditions. Phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene degrading bacteria were isolated from water samples by spreading onto solid medium; 100  µl of each water sample was spread over the surface Bushnell-Haas agar plates containing (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg/l) of either, phenanthrene, anthracene or naphthalene, as the sole carbon and energy source. The plates were then incubated at 30oC for 7 days. Assay of phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene degradation: Phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene degradation by the bacteria under a variety of concentrations was determined using 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml Bushnell-Haas broth supplemented with phenanthrene, anthracene and naphthalene in the concentration range,10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 130 to 150 mg/l.. The cultures were inoculated by transferring 1 ml of nutrient broth of pre culture medium of the strain under test. The cultures were then incubated at 30oC and 200 rpm; bacterial growth was daily evaluated by measuring the increase of OD600nm of the culture. Determination of naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene residues in the culture medium: The concentration of naphthalene and phenanthrene residues in the culture medium was determined by measuring the optical density at a wavelength of 254 nm and 275 nm respectively15. Extraction was carried out in a separator funnel, by mixing for two minutes an aliquot of the culture medium with an equal volume of hexane. The resulting organic phase was then used for the spectrophotometric readings. In some cases the sample was diluted with hexane in order to bring it out within the range of the calibration line (0.01-0.07 mg/ml for naphthalene and 0.001-0.1 mg/ml for phenanthrene). For the determination of anthracene residue, aliquots of the culture medium were mixed for two minutes with an equal volume of ethyl acetate and the optical density of the resulting organic phase was measured at a wavelength of 254 nm using ethyl acetate as a blank. For preparation of standard curve of anthracene, a stock solution of 10 ppm in ethyl acetate was prepared and aliquots in the range of 0.2 to 1 ppm were separately measured at 254 nm16. Utilization of carbon source: All purified isolates were tested for growth on 0.01%, of either, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene or phenol which were added as sole carbon sources to BH liquid medium. Sterilized BH medium containing the desired amount of hydrocarbon source was inoculated with the test strain and incubated in an orbital shaker at 200 rpm and 30oC for 72 h. Growth was tested by measuring the increase of OD600nm of the cultures. Effect of pH on the degradation of naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene: In order to determine the effect of pH on naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene degradation, 50 ml of BH broth cultures were first prepared at the following pH; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. After sterilization, 50 mg/l naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene was added to each flask, separately. 0.5 ml of Nutrient Broth overnight culture of bacterial strains (OD600 1.3-1.5) was added to each flask. The flasks were incubated at 30oC and 200 rpm for 72h. Bacterial growth was estimated using spectrophotometer at OD600nm of the cultures. Results and Discussion Isolation and selection of phenanthrene, naphthalene and anthracene biodegrading bacteria: Phenanthrene, naphthalene and anthracene degrading bacteria were isolated from water samples.   A range of bacterial colony types were observed on the different carbon source-containing plates, nine isolates were found to utilize phenanthrene, seven   grew on the naphthalene plates and eight isolates grew on anthracene amended media. Isolates Ph1, Ph2, Ph3, Ph4, Ph5 and Ph7 showed the ability to degrade phenanthrene as sole carbon sorce. The optical density (OD600)   for the bacterial isolates respective was was; 0.16, 0.512, 0.17, 0.482, 0.632 and 0.24. Isolates Ph6, Ph8 and Ph9 on the otherhand failed to utilize phenanthrene as sole carbon and energy source (Fig.1). Among the tested isolates only Ph5 isolate showed sustantial   growth rate on phenanthrene when compared with other tested isolates. According to the ioslates which showed no degrdation of the tetsed PAH, We assume that these isolates which did not degrade PAH may have lost this ability during preservation, or may have lost genes which control the utilization of this substrate; assumptions mirored in the work of   Zhao, et al., (2009)17, who reported that some phenanthrene degrading isolates lost their ability to degrade phenanthrene after a period of more than three weeks of preservation. Figure 1. Degradation of phenanthrene (20 mgl) by 9 bacterial isolates (named; Ph1-Ph9).       In studies using naphthalene, only two isolates Na6 and Na7 showed dehradation   with the latter being the best naphthalene degrader (Fig.2). The other isolates, Na1, Na2, Na3, Na4 and Na5, in contrast, failed to use naphthalene as a sole carbon and energy source. Regarding the anthracene-degarding isolates, five- An1, An2, An3, An4 and An7 degraded the substrate with ODs respectively oft: 0.174, 0.614, 0.551, 0.482 and 0.164 (Fig.3). Isolate,   An2 isolate was the msot active anthracene degrader,while isolates An5, An6 and An8 were unable   to use anthracene as a sole source carbon and energy source. Figure 2.   Degradation of naphthalene (20 mgl) by 7 bacterial isolates (named; Na1-Na7). Figure 3. Degradation of anthracene (20 mgl) by the bacterial isolates (named; An1-An8). Effect of pH on hydrocarbons degradation by the different bacterial isolates: The effect of pH (2.0, 3.0, 4.0,   up to 11.0) on PAH degradation by the isolated bacteria Ph5, Na7 and An2 was investigated in BH medium containing 50 mgl phenanthrene and 20 mgl naphthalene or anthracene respectively. In the case of phenanthrene, the optimum pH for bacterial growth and phenanthrene degradation was pH 7. At pH 6 and pH 8, bacterial growth and substrate degradation was markedly reduced (Fig.4). Shin et al.,(2008)18 reported that, relatively high mineralization rates of phenanthrene are found over a pH range of 6-8, with maximum mineralization rate occurring at pH 6 in a mineral salt medium. In the present study we found that the pH 7 is the optimum for obtaining a high mineralization rate of phenanthrene in BH medium; in agreement with Simarro, et al., (2011)19, our results confirm that the optimal pH value for the degradation of this substrate,   in BH medium, is pH7. Figure 4. The ability of the selected Ph5 isolate to degrade 50 mg/l phenanthrene at different pH. Growth and biodegradation depends on the type of PAHs used and the optimum pH range is very variable20. Some acid resistant Gram-positive bacteria, such as Mycobacterium sp., show better PAH degradation capabilities under acid conditions, largely because low pH seems to render such Mycobacteria more permeable to hydrophobic substrates21. However, other microorganisms belonging to Pseudomonas genus tend to prefer neutral pH conditions. In agreement with previous works19, our results confirm that neutral pH is optimum for the biodegradation of PAHs. Our results are also in agreement with Bisht, et al.(2010)22, who reported the ability of D. radiodurans SBA6 and B. circulans SBA12 to degrade naphthalene and anthracene over in the pH range of 5.0 to 11 (Fig.5). Othman et al.(2009)23 observed that changes in media pH can alter the electrical charge on various chemicals groups in enzymes molecules, thereby probably altering the enzymes ability to bind its substrate and catalyze a given rea ction. Imbalance of the electrical charges in very acidic and alkali conditions can also disrupt hydrogen bonds and other weak forces that maintain enzyme structure. Such disruption of enzyme structure is called denaturation, a phenomenon which leads to poor rates of biodegradation. Figure 5. Determination of the ability of Na7 and An2 isolate to degrade 20 mg/l naphthalene and anthracene respectively, over a range of pH. Utilization of different hydrocarbons by the same bacterium: Phenol (a single ring compound) was also included in this experiment as an example of a low molecular weight PAHs to provide a comparison with the high molecular weights hydrocarbons e.g. naphthalene (two rings), anthracene, and phenanthrene (both three compounds). Isolate Ph5 was shown to use phenol, naphthalene and anthracene as sole carbon and energy source (Fig.6). These results are slightly different from those reported by Zhao, et al. (2009)17, who reported that a bacterial isolate (ZP2) was able to degrade phenanthrene and naphthalene but failed to degrade anthracene as sole carbon source. Figure 6. Assimilation of 0.01% of naphthalene, anthracene and phenol as a sole   carbon source in Bushnell-Haas medium by Ph5 isolate. The same response was seen in the other two isolates Na7 and An2.   Isolate, Na7 rapidly mineralized phenol, phenanthrene and anthracene when added as sole carbon sources (Fig.7). Isolate An2 degraded phenol, naphthalene and phenanthrene as sole sources of energy (Fig.8). An isolate used in a study by Dean-Ross, et al. (2001)24 in contrasts was able to mineralize anthracene and phenanthrene but not naphthalene when grown under identical conditions. Figure 7. Utilization of 0.01% of phenanthrene, anthracene and phenol as a sole   carbon source in Bushnell-Haas medium by the isolate Na7. Figure 8. Consumption of 0.01% of phenanthrene, naphthalene and phenol as a sole   carbon source in Bushnell-Haas medium by An2 isolate. Phenanthrene, naphthalene and anthracene are the main components of crude oil and ubiquitous in contaminated water and soil. These carbon-sources could be utilized by a range of living in these polluted environments. Hydrocarbon mineralization occurs in a variety of ways depending on the species of bacterium isolated and it use of a preferred pathway. In this study, the wide range carbon-source utilization of tested isolates confirms their ability to use potentially different degradation pathways. Al-Thani, et al.(2009)25, similarly reported that the acclimation of a microbial community to one substrate frequently results in the simultaneous acclimation to some, but not all structurally related molecules. As a result, individual microbial species have the ability to act on several structurally similar substrates and therefore more easily act on their analogues following initial exposure26,27. Conclusion: In this investigation, we fascinated in determining if bacteria can be successfully used to bioremediate PAH pollution as a substitute to physical and chemical methods.In conclusion, some of our isolates grew well on the tested 4 low molecular weight organic aromatic compounds and as also reported28, individual bacterial strains could degrade several PAHs, but tended to prefer a single one and also we establish that the pH 7 is the optimum for obtaining a high mineralization rate of phenanthrene in BH medium. Acknowledgements Authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through the research group project No. RGP-VPP-332. References 1Johnsen, A. R., Wick, L. Y. and Harms, H. 2005.Principles of microbial PAH-degradation in soil. Environ. Pollut. 133(1):71-84. 2Blumer, M. 1976. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nature. Sci. Am. 234:35-45. 3Nnamchi, C. I., Obeta, J. A. N. and Ezeogu, L. I. 2006.Isolation and characterization of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from Nsukka soils in Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Sci.Tech. 3:181-190. 4Miller, E. C. and Miller, J. A. 1974.Biochemical mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Edited by Busch, H. The Molecular Biology of Cancer, New York: Academic Press, pp.377-403. 5Autrup, H. 1990.Carcinogen metabolism in cultured human tissues and cells. Carcinogen. 11: 707-712. 6Klaasen, C. D. 2001. Casarett and Doulls Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.107-132. 7Piskonen, R. and Itavaara, M. 2004. Evaluation of Chemical Pretreatment of Contaminated Soil for Improved PAH Bioremediation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 65: 627-634. 8Leahy, J.G. and Colwell, R.R. 1990. Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons in the Environ. Microbiol. Rev. 54: 305-315. 9Ward, W., Singh, A. and Van Hamme, J. 2003.Accelerated biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon waste. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30: 260-270. 10Phillips, T.M., Liu, D., Seech, A.G., Lee, H and Trevors, J.T. 2000. Monitoring bioremediation in creosote contaminated soils using chemical analysis and toxicity tests. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 132-139. 11Churchill, S. A., Harper, J. P. and Churchill, P. F. 1999. Isolation and characterization of a Mycobacterium species capable of degrading three-and four ring aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:549-52. 12Weissenfels, W. D., Beyer, M., Klein, J. and Rehm H. J. 1991. Microbial metabolism of fluoranthene: isolation and identification of ring fission products. Appl. Microbiol. 34:528-535. 13Supaka, N., Pinphanichakarn, P., Pattaragulwanit, K., Thaniyavarn, S., Omori, T. and Juntongjin, K.2001. Isolation and characterization of a phenanthrene- degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain P2 and its ability to degrade fluoranthene and pyrene via cometabolism. Sci. Asia. 27: 21-28. 14Lee, S. and Cutright, T. J. 1996. Nutrient medium for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil. US Patent. 5, 508, 194. 15Marta, I., Alquati, C., Morgia, P., Mansi, A., Scotti, R., Nicolini, L. and Papacchini, M. 2006.Contaminated sites: assessment of the metabolism, growth and genetic characterization of wild-type microbial strains able to degrade naphthalene. Prevention Today. 2: 35-50. 16Kumar, G., Singla, R. and Kumar, R. 2010. Plasmid associated anthracene degradation by Pseudomonas sp. isolated from filling station site. Natur. and Sci. 8: 89-94. 17Zhao, H. P., Wu, Q. S., Wang, L., Zhao, X. T. and Gao, H. W. 2009. Degradation of phenanthrene by bacterial strain isolated from soil in oil refinery fields in Shanghai, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 164: 863-869. 18Shin, K., Kim, J. and Kim, K. 2008.Effect of biosurfactant addition on the biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system. Environ. Eng. Res. 13: 8-13. 19Simarro, R., Gonzalez, N., Bautista, L. F., Sanz, R. and Molina, M. C. 2011. Optimization of key abiotic factors of PAH (naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene) biodegradation process by a bacterial consortium. Water Air Soil Pollut. 217: 365-374. 20Dibble, J.R. and Bartha, R. 1979.Effect of environmental parameters on the biodegradation of oil sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 729-739. 21Kim, Y.H., Freeman, J.P., Moody, J.D., Engesse, K.H. and Cerniglia, C.E. 2005.Effects of pH on the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 275-285. 22Bisht, S., Pandey, P., Sood, A., Sharma, S. and Bisht, N. S. 2010.Biodegradation of naphthalene and anthracene by chemo-tactically active rhizobacteria of Populus deltoides. Braz. J. Microbiol. 41: 922-930. 23Othman, N., Hussain, N.H., Abd Karim, A.T. and Abdul-Talib, S. 2009.Isolation and optimization of napthalene degradative bacteria. International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment in Developing Countries. Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.101-105. 24Dean-Ross, D., Moody, J. D., Freeman, J. P., Doerge, D. R. and Cerniglia, C. E. 2001.Metabolism of anthracene by Rhodococcus species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204: 205-211. 25Al-Thani, R.F., Abd-El-Haleem, D.A.M. and Al-Shammri, M. 2009.Isolation and characterization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria from different Qatari soils. African J. of Microbiol. Resear. 3: 761-766. 26Bauer, J. and Capone, D. 1985. Degradation and mineralization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene and naphthalene in inter tidal marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50: 81-90. 27Mitchell, J. and Cain, R. 1996. Rapid onset of the accelerated degradation of dicarboximide. Pesticides Sci. 48: 1-11. 28Tadros, M. G. and Hughes, J. B. 1997. Degradation of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by indigenous mixed and pure cultures isolated from coastal sediments. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63(65): 865-870 Can Liberty and Equality be Reconciled in Political Theory? Can Liberty and Equality be Reconciled in Political Theory? The word reconcile means that, to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together. It is sometimes difficult to reconcile for instance science and religion. When two people are reconciled they become friendly again after they have argued, (Cambridge advanced learners dictionary). In this essay I will dwell much on whether liberty and equality can be reconciled by defining these concepts. Liberty and freedom are often used interchangeably, however they essentially mean the ability to think or act as one wishes. Gerald McCallum: â€Å"Freedom is always of something (an agent or agents) to do or not to do, become or not become something†. Most political theorists assume that people ought to be free unless there are compelling reasons for restricting their freedom. For instance J.S.Mill believes that, to be human is to enjoy a sphere of in which one is able to think, express ideas and lead a lifestyle of one’s own choosing. He went on to say, â€Å"even if a person finds himself in an opinion, he should be free to express that opinion† and â€Å"if all mankind, minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would not be justified to silence that person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind† By allowing individuals to be free, society can progress, hence the ideas of mi nimal government and protection of human rights and freedoms. There are two concepts of liberty, these includes negative and positive liberty (Isaiah Berlin, 958). Negative liberty involves response to the question: what is the area within which the subject a person or group of persons is or should be left to do what he is able to do or be, without interference by other people. It implies freedom of choice, therefore, Law and Government should only serve to enlarge and not restrict freedoms, and privacy of the individual must be respected by recognizing a clear distinction between what is public and what is private and finally it advocates individual rationality as the basis for choice. On the other hand, positive liberty is involved in the answer to the question: what or who is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do or be, also interested in the question ‘By whom am I governed?’ However, as opposed to â€Å"How much am I governed? G.C. Mc Callum, (1972). According to T.H. Green it means personal gr owth and self-development. Liberalism is one of the dominant political ideologies of the contemporary world that favors liberty in terms of equality. It is founded on the traditional notions of individualism: this reflects the belief in the supreme importance of the human individual as opposed to any social group or collective body. The liberal goal is therefore to create a society within which individuals can flourish and prosper with everyone pursing what they consider as good in any way they choose to define it. Therefore, individual freedoms or liberties are given priority over notions of equality, justice and authority. It is thus based on the presumption that freedom is a good thing and that any limitations of the same should be justified. It is strongly against limitation on freedom of individuals to pursue self interest. It however, favors private property and free enterprise, for instance freedom to buy and sell anything. And finally it is against state control and seconds that role of the state limit ed to maintaining law and order, in this respect, it should provide defense and oversee enforcement of contracts. Equality refers to the belief that human beings are born having equal rights. The Declaration of Independence asserts some of these rights to be life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Equality is not about blanket uniformity but rather to establish the legal, political or social conditions in which people will be able to enjoy equally worthwhile and satisfying lives. The principle of equality sometimes contains the assertion that people must have equal access to wealth and property in order for them to more fully realize the principle of equality. According to Oxford English Dictionary, equality implies the condition of having equal dignity, rank or privilege with others, the condition of being equal in power, ability, achievement of excellence, fairness, impartiality, due proportion, and proportionateness. Therefore, this term is defined in the light of equal conditions guaranteed to each for making the best of him. In the words of Barker, it implies that â€Å"whatever conditions are guaranteed to me in the form of rights, shall also, and in the same measure, be guaranteed to others and that whatever rights are given to others shall also be given to me†. So says Laski: undoubtedly, it implies fundamentally a leveling process. It means that no man shall be so placed in society that he can over-reach his neighbor to the extent which constitutes a denial of the latter’s citizenship†, J.J. Rousseau [(1762) 1969]. There are two forms of equality positive and negative. Positive form implies the adequate provision of opportunities for all. Here, the term ‘adequate opportunities’ does not mean ‘equal opportunities’. Since people differ in their needs and capacities and also in their efforts, they need different opportunities for their individual self-development, Friedrich Hayek and Keith Joseph (1979). Negative equality implies the absence of undue privileges. That is to say there should be no artificial grounds of discrimination, such as of religion, color, race, caste, wealth, sex, and many more. The underlying principle being that no talent should suffer from frustration for want of encouragement. It is still a challenge to provide a coherent defense of equality. This however requires separating out the various principles, and explaining what it is that is being equalized or equality is in danger of degenerating into a mere political slogan unless it is possible to a nswer the question ‘equality of what’?: is it income, or well being, the capacity to acquire certain goods, or something else? Socialism is also one of the dominant ideologies of the modern world that favors equality than liberty. Socialists believe in a Common Ownership: this relates to the ownership of property in the community as opposed to individual ownership. The argument here is that by placing property in joint community ownership, the common good is promoted rather than the good of individuals. To them a positive view of freedom must be examined in a social context and therefore in the context of resources of a material kind. The right to read and write, for example, requires the provision of schooling if such a right is to be meaningful. In the Socialist World Order all classes and private property are abolished. The means of production for instance, that is all land, machinery, factories and other productive resources must be under the democratic control of the people. Wage labor is unknown. All worked for the collective good and products are distributed according to the principle of â€Å"From all according to their ability to all according to their need. They however, call this a good society. Liberty and Equality are political concepts that strongly oppose each other, to be specific; between them there is what we call war of principles. For instance, Libertarians believes that Libertaria is the place where humankind should seek its future. This is because it is a society where people are truly free. They have the economic freedom to pursue their own ends in a market society. Indeed Libertaria is run exclusively on market lines. They do not believe in the good society as such, as market choices constantly fluctuate. Individuals must choose their own good life and the market is where they make their key decisions. On the other hand, Egalitarians believes that Egalitaria is the ideal place to which humankind should commit itself. It is the benchmark by which other societies can measure whether they are serving the aims which any good society should fulfill. Individuals believe that market decisions produce what people want. In Libertaria all make market choices and all receive from the market that which is their due. They are free from both the stifling collectivity of Communitarian and from the fear of having to make sacrifices, a fear which haunts Utilitarian. While Egalitaria would be the good society because it would be one in which all citizens are treated as being of equal worth. It would have basic political liberties, equality of opportunity and the rule of law, all of which are constitutionally guaranteed. It would also be dedicated to ensuring that these basic rights are of equal worth to their possessors (Lukes, 1993: 34). Libertaria has freedom of speech, of movement, of thought and of association. The rule of law prevails and there is no torture. They have a minimal state which oversees the system of free exchange, the courts, contractual disputes, the armed forces and the police. They realize that the state can build up its own interests which can conflict with those of private individuals. They therefore, keep its role to an absolute minimum. Freedom is their watchword and freedom to choose is prized above all else. On the other hand, the citizens of Egalitaria would be filled with a basic abhorrence of injustice and would strive to overcome any involuntary disadvantage whether such disadvantages are the result of religion, class, gender, ethnicity or whatever. Egalitaria would not tolerate the gross inequalities which characterize some of the communities within Communitarian. Rights in Egalitaria would be universal, not subject to the dictates of history, culture and tradition. Considering the above argument it seems like each ideology is giving no space to the enjoyment of the other ideology, or in simple terms we can say that it is hard for liberty and equality to go together, however, in practice these terms are mutually reinforcing each other. It is also very hard to find a society that is purely libertarian or that is purely Egalitarian, this means that in libertarian the possibility of finding some element of equality is there, same applies to the egalitarian, there are some sort of liberties though to the slightest degree. Therefore, there are some instances where liberty and equality move together with a common goal for instance the promotion of welfare of the people. It is also of great important that liberty and equality should work hand in hand, just because they act as watch dog to each other, for instance, the relationship that is between them is that like of three arms of government executive, parliamentary and judiciary. The problem with establishing the realm of liberty is that there are a bewildering number of grounds upon which freedom can be upheld. In much liberal political thought freedom is closely related to the notion of rights. However, as many political theorists employ a value-free or social-scientific understanding of such terms, they are quite prepared to accept that certain freedoms such as the freedom to murder should be constrained. In that sense, liberty or license distinction merely begs the question: which freedoms are we willing to approve, and which ones are we justified in curtailing? Alternative means of distinguishing between liberty and license was proposed by J.S. Mill. As libertarian who believed that individual freedom was the basis of moral self-development, Mill proposed that individuals should enjoy the greatest possible realm of liberty. However, Mill also recognized that unrestrained liberty could become oppressive, objectionable, morally corrupt and even tyrannical. In on Liberty (1859) 1972) Mill proposed a clear distinction between self-regarding actions and other-regarding actions, suggesting that each individual should exercise sovereign control over his or her own body or life. The only justification for constraining the individual, Mill argued, was in the event of ‘harm’ being done to others. Mill emphasizes that liberty becomes license not only when the rights of another are violated, or when harm is done to others, but when liberty is unequally shared out. In this sense equality is seen as standing block to the existence of license . Equality is a multi-dimensional concept. Diverse opinions are put forth in locating the exact relationship between these two concepts. Writers like De Tocqueville and Lord Acton hold the view that liberty and equality are opposed to each other as they are antagonistic. The desire to have equality destroys the possibility of having full liberty. Achievement of equality demands positive state action. Equality needs a positive state and liberty needs a Negative State. The Elite theory of Democracy is against the principle of equality. But on the other hand writers like Maitland, Rousseau, Barker, Laski and others, hold the view that they are complementary to each other, in the sense that they both play an important part in human life, fulfilling separate but complementary. Since the principles of liberty and equality are ideals capable of being mutually realizable, one answer to the continuing debate regarding each principles precedence would be the check of each principle on the excesses of the other. A just society might hold itself to the standard that, while difficult to reconcile, it is still most desirable to strive to strike a balance between upholding the belief in the inherent equality of all individuals, and the protecting the right to liberty for all its members. L. T. Hothouse opined that liberty without equality is a high-sounding phrase with squalid results. Liberty lies in equality. Liberty without equality degenerates into license and equality without liberty lapses into uniformity. To Prof. Barker Equality in all its forms, must always be subject and instrumental to the free development of capacity; but if it be pressed to the length of uniformity; if uniformity be made to thwart the free development of capacity, the subject becomes th e master, and the world is turned topsy-turvy. Liberty unites men but equality criticizes the social hierarchy and contributes towards the stability of the community ((1931) 1969) R.H. Tawney. Therefore liberty would be hollow without some measure of equality and equality would be meaningless without liberty. In this age of democracy where voting is a powerful weapon in the hands of the electorate economic equality is most essential condition because the economically powerful person will use his economic resources to gain political power. Political equality will be a mockery in the absence of economic equality. As per above argument it is hard to say that liberty and equality can be reconciled or not, in the sense that these terms are supported by different ideologies but which are reinforcing each other. So to say that they can be reconciled is forgetting that the terms are founded on different ideologies and on the same point to say that they cannot be reconciled is also forgetting that these terms are mutually reinforcing each other, hence making this question very contested one. Who determine that excessive use of liberties leads into license? What yard stick do they use to determine harm to others? And what is harm? It is good to know that what is harm to me cannot be harm to others and vice-versa. For instance, a society that is comprised of well-off and worse-off, come together and agree that they should be following the principle of â€Å"to each according to ability† can another man from a distance society come and say that the well-off in this particular society are harming the worse-off? This cannot be possible since what he calls it harm cannot be harm to others. In this case the worse-off choose to do what they can manage to, according to the level of their economic status, therefore, it is not harm to them, because they have decided to follow it based on their will and rationality. And again, who determine that excessive use of equality leads to uniformity? What is uniformity? What yard stick do they use to measure uniformity? In every time we talk of equality we must also note that there are some forms of inequality. What is equality to a particular society cannot be equality to the other, since society perceives things in different way all together. The issue of inequality will not come to an end since they were there before, they are here today and possibly they will be there tomorrow. What a just society would do is to come up with measures or initiative to overcome them. For instance legitimate inequality, affirmative action and positive discrimination where the society comprised of well-off and worse-off come to a consensus that they should accept the status of inequality and that they will be following a principle of â€Å"to each according to needy†, but the end result should be greater to the worse-off so that they should little by little cover the gap that is there between them. On the other hand this makes sure that talents, skills and ability are not hindered. Therefore, one cannot come and say, this is uniformity since what is uniformity to him cannot be uniformity to others. It is good to reflect on these questions and acknowledge that what is liberty or equality to the state cannot be liberty or equality to individuals or the collectives group and vice-versa. What was liberty or equality yesterday cannot be liberty or equality today. These things keeps on changing based on circumstances that people as a nation are going through. Therefore, liberty and equality are continuously changing depending on time and who uses them. Finally, based on argument above its very tricky and challenging to say that liberty and equality can be reconciled or not. However, beauty lies in the hands of the beholder; even though, there are no general examples that can be sighted to show that liberty and equality can be reconciled, but there is a room for reconciliation since they are complementary. Therefore, liberty and equality have a common end, the promotion of the value of the personality and the free development of its capacities. No one of these can be enjoyed in isolation. Bibliography Heywood, A. (2004). Introduction to Political Theory. In A. Heywood, Introduction to Political Theory (p. 252 and 284). china: Palgrave Mc Millan. J.C, J. (2004). Principle of modern politcal science. In J. Johari, Principle of modern politcal science (p. 200). New Dehli: Sterling. Hoffman J. and Graham P (2009) introduction to Political Theory. Professor Wizeman Chijere Chirwa, Dr. Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo and Dr. Edrinnie Kayambazithu. (2004). Building an informed Nation. In Building an informed Nation (p. 58). Lilongwe: Democracy Consolidation Programme.